BEGC 107 British Poetry and Drama
Assignment Code: BEGC-107/ 2023-2024
Course Code: BEGC-107
Assignment Name: British Poetry and Drama
Year: 2023-2024
Verification Status: Verified by Professor
Section A
Write short notes on any two (02) of the following in about 200 words each.
Qa) Pastoral Poetry and Pastoral elegy.
Ans) Pastoral Poetry: Pastoral poetry is a genre of literature that idealizes rural life and the simplicity of shepherds and rural landscapes. It originated in ancient Greece with the works of Theocritus and later developed in the Roman tradition with poets like Virgil. The primary focus of pastoral poetry is on depicting the beauty, tranquillity, and harmony of rural settings.
It often features shepherds, nymphs, and other rustic characters engaged in idyllic scenes. The genre conveys a sense of escape from the complexities of urban life and serves as a vehicle for exploring themes such as love, nature, and the human connection to the land. Prominent examples of pastoral poetry include John Milton's "Lycidas" and Christopher Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."
Pastoral Elegy: Pastoral elegy is a subgenre of pastoral poetry that combines the characteristics of pastoral literature with the elegiac tradition. Elegy is a form of poetry that laments the loss of someone or something, often expressing sorrow and grief. In pastoral elegies, the themes of loss, death, and mourning are interwoven with the rural and idyllic settings of pastoral poetry.
Notable examples of pastoral elegies include John Milton's "Lycidas," which mourns the death of a friend, and Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Adonais," an elegy for John Keats. These poems combine the beauty of pastoral landscapes with the emotional depth of elegiac themes, creating a unique and poignant form of expression.
Qb) Characteristic features of an Epic.
Ans) Heroic Protagonist: Epics often feature a larger-than-life, heroic protagonist who embodies the ideals and values of their culture. They undertake extraordinary quests or adventures and display exceptional courage, strength, and wit.
Elevated Language: Epics employ a formal and elevated style of language, using poetic and grandiose diction. This language adds to the epic's grandeur and emphasizes its cultural importance.
Episodic Structure: Epics are typically structured as a series of episodes or adventures. These episodes can be loosely connected, but they often contribute to the overarching narrative or the hero's journey.
Vast Setting: Epics often take place in expansive and diverse settings, encompassing different lands, regions, and even worlds. These settings serve as the backdrop for the hero's journey.
Supernatural Elements: Epics frequently incorporate supernatural or divine elements. Gods, goddesses, and other supernatural beings play significant roles in the plot, often influencing events and guiding the hero.
Moral and Ethical Themes: Epics explore profound moral and ethical themes, offering lessons and insights into the human condition, society, and the values of the culture from which they originate.
Cultural Significance: Epics are not just stories but cultural artifacts that reflect the values, beliefs, and traditions of a society. They often serve as foundational texts for a culture, preserving its collective memory and identity.
Section B
Explain the following with reference to the context in about 300 words each.
Qa) Hence, vain deluding Joys,
The brood of Folly without father bred!
How little you bested
Or fill the fixed mind with all your toys!
Dwell in some idle brain,
And fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess,
As thick and numberless
Ans) The author uses this sonnet to contemplate his own eyesight and the accompanying feelings of hopelessness and loss that it has brought him.
The sentiment of resignation and acceptance that the joys and pleasures of life are frequently deceptive or transient is conveyed at the beginning of the sentence "Therefore, Illusions of Vanishing Joys." The phrase "the brood of Foolishness without father reared" is used to refer to these pleasures, which implies that they were born out of ignorance or folly and do not have a strong foundation. In other words, they are superficial and have a limited shelf life.
The poet continues by elaborating on the insignificance of these earthly joys by noting, "How little you bested." [Translation:] "How little you bested." This indicates that the fleeting happiness and pleasures contribute very little to the overall improvement or betterment of a person's life. They are transitory and, in the end, do not provide satisfaction.
In addition, a sense of exasperation and loss is conveyed by the lines. The poet expresses his regret that these ephemeral pleasures are unable to "fill the fixed mind with all of your toys." It is possible that the "fixed mind" referred to here relates to the poet's own mind, which continues to be focused on more lofty and enduring concerns. The "toys" represent the fleeting joys and distractions that are a part of everyday life. Despite their attraction, these pleasures and distractions are unable to entirely engage or satisfy a mind that is focused on more significant matters.
The poet goes on to imply that these transient pleasures make their home "in some idle brain," which refers to the thoughts of individuals who do not reflect on issues that are deeper or have a greater significance. Their minds are said to be filled with "fancies fond with gaudy shapes possess," which gives the impression that they are readily distracted by things that are superficial and ostentatious.
The profusion of these transient joys is further emphasised by the term "as thick and numberless," which suggests that these pleasures can be found virtually anywhere, and that people are frequently swamped with them.
Qb) And, when the sun begins to fling
His flaring beams, me, Goddess, bring
To arched walks of twilight groves,
And shadows brown, that Sylvan loves,
Of pine, or monumental oak,
Where the rude axe with heaved stroke
Was never heard the nymphs to daunt,
Or fright them from their hallowed haunt.
There, in close covert, by some brook,
Where no profaner eye may look,
Hide me from day’s garish eye,…….
Ans) This poem, along with its companion piece "L'Allegro," explores contrasting moods and aspects of human experience. "Il Penseroso" reflects a more contemplative and introspective state of mind. In this specific section, the speaker expresses a desire to be taken to a serene and contemplative place by the goddess of melancholy. The passage can be interpreted as follows: The speaker, addressing the goddess of melancholy, seeks her assistance in finding solace and tranquillity. This is achieved by being led to specific settings that are conducive to contemplation and quiet reflection.
"When the sun begins to fling His flaring beams": The speaker wishes to escape the harsh, glaring light of the sun, which often symbolizes the bustling and active world. This suggests a desire for a more subdued and introspective environment.
"To arched walks of twilight groves, And shadows brown, that Sylvan loves, Of pine, or monumental oak": The speaker longs to be led to quiet, shaded places in the woods. These settings, with their twilight ambiance and the presence of ancient trees like pine and oak, evoke a sense of timelessness and natural beauty. The mention of Sylvan, a nature deity, reinforces the idea of communion with the natural world.
"Where the craggy axe with the heaving blow stood. Was never heard of anyone being able to intimidate the nymphs or frighten them away from their sacred abode "The person speaking looks for regions that are devoid of human habitation in order to find peace and quiet. These are sanctuaries in which the clanging of axes and other human activities have never been allowed to disrupt the tranquil dwelling of nymphs and other mythological beings associated with the natural world.
"There, in tight covert, beside some brook, Where no profaner eye may see, Hide me from day's garish eye": The speaker's ultimate wish is to be hidden away in a sheltered, secluded area adjacent to a babbling brook, far away from the gaze of the profane or worldly. This is a call to remove oneself from the noise and distractions of the modern world in order to engage in some quiet reflection and isolation.
Qc) Then flash’d the living lightning from her eyes,
And screams of horror rend th’ affrighted skies.
Not louder shrieks to pitying Heav’n are cast,
When husbands or when lap-dogs breathe their last,
Or when rich China vessels, fall’ n from high,
In glitt’ ring dust and painted fragments lie!
Ans) In these lines from Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock," the poet employs hyperbole and satire to satirize the characters' exaggerated reactions to a seemingly trivial event—the cutting of a lock of hair. The use of hyperbolic language, such as "living lightning" flashing from the eyes, conveys the intensity of the characters' emotions, particularly their anger and outrage. The image of "screams of horror rend th' affrighted skies" further emphasizes the overblown and melodramatic nature of their responses, suggesting a level of distress that transcends the ordinary.
Pope creates a humorous contrast by juxtaposing the seemingly insignificant event of a lock of hair being cut with scenarios of far greater importance. Mentioning the death of husbands or lap-dogs adds a touch of absurdity, highlighting the characters' irrationality in equating the loss of a lock of hair with profound grief. The poet's choice of examples, ranging from human relationships to the demise of pets, serves to underscore the frivolity of their concerns.
The reference to "rich China vessels" breaking into "glitt'ring dust and painted fragments" further contributes to the satire. This comical comparison suggests that the characters' distress over the hair-snipping incident is disproportionate when compared to the potential loss of valuable and delicate objects. The use of vivid imagery in describing the shattering of China vessels adds a layer of irony, as the destruction of material possessions is humorously equated with the perceived tragedy of a lock of hair being cut.
These lines exemplify Pope's satirical approach in "The Rape of the Lock," a mock-heroic poem that humorously critiques the superficial concerns and overly dramatic behavior of the 18th-century upper classes. Through the use of exaggeration and witty wordplay, Pope ridicules their preoccupation with trivial matters and their tendency to elevate minor incidents into major crises. The poem, as a whole, serves as a satirical commentary on the social values and priorities of its time, highlighting Pope's keen observational skills and mastery of satire.
Section C
Attempt any (03) three of the following question.
Q1) What are dominant tendencies of Jacobean Drama?
Ans) Jacobean drama, a genre of English theatre that flourished during the early 17th century, was marked by distinct characteristics and dominant tendencies that set it apart from the preceding Elizabethan era.
Tragedy and Dark Themes:
Jacobean drama leaned heavily toward tragedy and explored dark and morbid themes. These plays often featured themes of revenge, corruption, ambition, and the destructive consequences of human behaviour. Works like John Webster's "The Duchess of Malfi" and John Ford's "The Broken Heart" exemplify the preoccupation with tragedy and darker subject matter.
Melancholic Atmosphere:
The plays of this era often created a melancholic and brooding atmosphere. This atmosphere was characterized by a sense of foreboding, moral decay, and psychological depth. The works of dramatists like Thomas Middleton and Cyril Tourneur frequently embodies this atmosphere.
Complex Characters:
Jacobean drama featured complex and morally ambiguous characters. The protagonists were often flawed, and the antagonists had elements of sympathy. These multidimensional characters added depth to the narratives and allowed for exploration of human psychology and morality.
Revenge Tragedy:
The revenge tragedy became a prominent subgenre within Jacobean drama. These plays, such as Thomas Kyd's "The Spanish Tragedy" and Shakespeare's "Hamlet," revolved around themes of vengeance and the moral dilemmas associated with it. These works were characterized by intricate plots and the pursuit of retribution.
Moral Ambiguity:
Jacobean drama often presented a morally ambiguous world where right and wrong were not easily distinguishable. Characters grappled with complex ethical choices and the consequences of their actions. This moral uncertainty was reflected in the blurred lines between good and evil.
Supernatural Elements:
Many Jacobean plays incorporated supernatural elements, including ghosts, witches, and omens. The supernatural was used to heighten the sense of foreboding and to explore the boundaries between the natural and the supernatural. Shakespeare's "Macbeth" is a prime example of this tendency.
Violence and Bloodshed:
Jacobean drama did not shy away from depicting violence, gore, and bloodshed. These elements were used for shock value and to convey the gruesome consequences of human actions. The use of violence also reflected the fascination with the macabre.
Sexuality and Eroticism:
Sexuality and eroticism were frequently explored in Jacobean drama. These themes were often portrayed as dark and destructive forces. The works of playwrights like John Ford, with plays like "Tis Pity She's a Whore," delved into taboo subjects related to incest and forbidden love.
Social and Political Commentary:
Jacobean drama served as a platform for social and political commentary. Playwrights critiqued the societal norms, political corruption, and power struggles of their time. Ben Jonson's satirical comedies, such as "Volpone," exemplify this tendency.
Metadrama and Self-Reflection:
Some Jacobean plays engaged in metadrama, a self-reflective exploration of the nature of theatre and the role of the audience. Dramatists like John Marston experimented with this approach, blurring the lines between the fictional world and the real world of the theatre.
Cynicism and Pessimism:
The prevailing mood in Jacobean drama was often marked by cynicism and pessimism. This outlook reflected the uncertainties and anxieties of the time, including the political intrigues of the Jacobean court and the impact of events like the Gunpowder Plot.
Q2) Who were the three Johns of the 17th century and what was their contribution to Literature?
Ans) The 17th century was a period of significant literary achievement, and three notable figures named John made substantial contributions to English literature. These three Johns are John Milton, John Bunyan, and John Dryden.
John Milton (1608-1674):
John Milton is one of the most celebrated poets and writers of the 17th century. His contributions to literature are diverse and profound:
Epic Poetry: Milton is best known for his epic poem "Paradise Lost," published in 1667. This work, consisting of twelve books, narrates the biblical story of the Fall of Man, focusing on Satan's rebellion, Adam and Eve's sin, and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. "Paradise Lost" is a monumental epic that explores themes of free will, disobedience, and theodicy.
"Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes": These are two other major works by Milton. "Paradise Regained" is an epic that focuses on the temptation of Christ in the wilderness. "Samson Agonistes" is a tragedy based on the biblical character Samson.
Political Prose: Milton was deeply involved in the political and religious debates of his time. His prose works, such as "Areopagitica," an impassioned defence of free speech and press freedom, and various political tracts, reflect his engagement with the political and religious issues of the English Civil War and the Interregnum period.
Blank Verse: Milton's use of blank verse, unrhymed lines of ten syllables, was highly influential and contributed to the development of English poetry.
Influence on Future Generations: Milton's works have left an enduring impact on subsequent literature. His influence can be seen in the Romantic poets and modern writers who grappled with themes of liberty, morality, and the human condition.
John Bunyan (1628-1688):
John Bunyan was a Puritan preacher and writer known for his allegorical and religious works:
"The Pilgrim's Progress": Bunyan's most famous work is "The Pilgrim's Progress," published in 1678. It is an allegorical narrative that tells the journey of a character named Christian from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City. The book is a profound Christian allegory that reflects Bunyan's religious convictions.
Religious Tracts: Bunyan wrote numerous religious tracts and sermons that had a significant impact on his contemporaries. His works were instrumental in disseminating Puritan beliefs and spirituality.
Simple and Accessible Style: Bunyan's writing is characterized by its simplicity and accessibility. He wrote in a way that made complex theological concepts comprehensible to a wide readership.
Spiritual Autobiography: Bunyan's own spiritual journey, as recounted in his spiritual autobiography "Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners," is a notable work that reveals his personal struggles and religious experiences.
Literary Legacy: "The Pilgrim's Progress" is one of the most widely read books in the English language. It has been translated into numerous languages and continues to be influential in the Christian literary tradition.
John Dryden (1631-1700):
John Dryden was a prominent poet, playwright, and critic in the 17th century, and his contributions to literature were multifaceted:
Heroic Couplets: Dryden is credited with popularizing the use of heroic couplets (rhymed pairs of iambic pentameter lines) in English poetry. His skill in this verse form is exemplified in poems like "Annus Mirabilis."
Dramatic Works: Dryden was a prolific playwright. His tragic plays, such as "All for Love" (a reimagining of Shakespeare's "Antony and Cleopatra"), and his comedies, like "The Wild Gallant," contributed to the development of English drama in the Restoration period.
Critical Essays: Dryden's critical essays, particularly "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" and "Of Dramatick Poesie, an Essay," are foundational texts in English literary criticism. He articulated principles of neoclassical drama and emphasized the importance of "the unities" in the theatre.
Translation: Dryden was also known for his translations, such as his rendition of Virgil's "Aeneid," which is considered a classic of English verse translation.
Political Poetry: Dryden's political poems, including "Absalom and Achitophel" and "Mac Flecknoe," addressed contemporary political events and figures, using satire and allegory.
Laureateship: Dryden served as the Poet Laureate of England and contributed several poems and odes to royal occasions.
Shaping Literary Style: Dryden played a pivotal role in shaping the literary style and sensibilities of the Restoration period, influencing the Augustan Age and the works of later writers like Alexander Pope.
Q3) How did Dryden define satire? Comment on the central idea of ‘An Essay on Man’?
Ans) John Dryden, the influential English poet, playwright, and critic, had a notable impact on the development of English literature. He was renowned for his critical essays, and he also contributed to defining and shaping satire. Dryden's view on satire and the central idea of Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man" are as follows:
John Dryden's Definition of Satire:
John Dryden provided an insightful and influential definition of satire in his essay "Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire" (1693). He considered satire to be a form of literature that exposed and corrected human vices and follies by ridiculing and censuring them. Dryden described satire as a weapon that aimed to reform and instruct society, with the primary purpose of bringing about moral improvement.
Satire should be instructional, according to Dryden. Satirists, according to Dryden, should use their acute wit to expose the weaknesses of individuals and society. He believed that well-written satire may inspire readers to improve. Dryden's definition of satire matches the ancient tradition of exposing human flaws and encouraging self-reflection and transformation. He shaped English satire, and his emphasis on morality influenced Alexander Pope and others.
Central Idea of 'An Essay on Man' by Alexander Pope:
"An Essay on Man" is one of Alexander Pope's most celebrated and enduring works. In this philosophical poem, Pope explores the central idea that humankind occupies a unique place in the order of creation and should strive for harmony with the natural world and the divine plan. The poem is organized into four epistles, each addressing different aspects of the human condition and the human relationship with the universe.
The central idea of 'An Essay on Man' can be summarized as follows:
Divine Order and Providence: Pope posits that a divine, all-encompassing plan governs the universe. He argues that God, as the ultimate architect, created a world that is perfect in its order and harmony, despite the imperfections that humans perceive. This divine order includes a hierarchy of beings, from angels and humans to the lowest creatures, each with a role to play in the grand design.
Human Limitations and Aspirations: Pope acknowledges the limitations and imperfections of humanity, emphasizing that humans are finite beings with limited understanding. He highlights human pride and ambition, suggesting that humans often overreach and misinterpret their place in the grand scheme.
The Pursuit of Virtue: Pope asserts that the path to happiness and fulfilment lies in the pursuit of virtue and self-awareness. He encourages individuals to accept their limitations, recognize their place in the order of creation, and align their actions with moral and virtuous principles.
The Unity of All Creatures: Pope argues that the universe operates as a harmonious whole, and the well-being of each creature is interconnected with the well-being of the entire creation. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the interdependence of all living beings and the need for benevolence and compassion.
Hope and Faith: Throughout the poem, Pope conveys a message of hope and faith in the face of human limitations and the mysteries of the universe. He encourages individuals to trust in the divine plan and accept that there are aspects of existence beyond human comprehension.