BCOS-184 Solved Assignment Solution by Gyaniversity
Assignment Code: BCOS–184/TMA/2023-24
Course Code: BCOS–184
Assignment Name: E-Commerce
Year: 2023-2024
Verification Status: Verified by Professor
{getToc} $title={Table of Contents}
SECTION A
Q1) State the impact of various emerging technologies such as mobility, cloud, AI, and IoT on E-commerce.
Ans) Emerging technologies like mobility, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) have had a profound impact on the e-commerce landscape, revolutionizing the way businesses operate, interact with customers, and deliver products and services. Below are the impacts of each of these technologies on e-commerce:
$ads={1}a) Mobility:
Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have
transformed the way consumers shop online. With the increasing prevalence of
mobile internet access, consumers can browse and purchase products anytime and
anywhere, leading to a significant growth in mobile commerce (m-commerce).
E-commerce businesses have had to adapt by optimizing their websites and
applications for mobile devices, ensuring seamless and user-friendly
experiences across various screen sizes. Additionally, the rise of mobile
payment technologies like digital wallets and mobile banking has facilitated
quicker and more convenient transactions, further driving e-commerce growth.
b) Cloud Computing:
Cloud computing has provided e-commerce businesses with
scalable and cost-effective solutions for storing, managing, and analyzing vast
amounts of data. By leveraging cloud-based infrastructure and services,
businesses can easily scale their operations to accommodate fluctuations in
demand, without the need for significant upfront investment in physical
hardware. Cloud platforms also offer advanced analytics capabilities, allowing
e-commerce businesses to gain valuable insights into customer behaviour, preferences,
and trends. Moreover, cloud-based e-commerce platforms enable seamless
integration with other technologies, such as AI and IoT, to deliver
personalized shopping experiences and streamline business operations.
c) Artificial Intelligence (AI):
AI technologies, including machine learning, natural
language processing, and computer vision, have revolutionized various aspects
of e-commerce, from product recommendations to customer service and supply
chain management. AI-powered recommendation engines analyse vast amounts of
data to suggest personalized products to customers, thereby enhancing the
shopping experience and driving sales. Chatbots and virtual assistants powered
by AI can provide real-time support to customers, answering queries, resolving
issues, and even processing orders autonomously. Furthermore, AI algorithms
help e-commerce businesses optimize pricing strategies, inventory management,
and logistics, improving efficiency and profitability.
d) Internet of Things (IoT):
The IoT ecosystem, comprising interconnected devices and
sensors, has enabled innovative e-commerce applications in areas such as
inventory management, logistics, and customer engagement. IoT devices embedded
in products, packaging, and warehouses can provide real-time data on inventory
levels, product location, and environmental conditions, enabling e-commerce
businesses to optimize supply chain operations and ensure timely order
fulfilment. Additionally, IoT-enabled smart devices, such as wearables and home
appliances, offer new channels for customer interaction and commerce, allowing
businesses to deliver personalized experiences and targeted promotions based on
user preferences and behaviour.
Q2) What is a virtual currency? Why do you think crypto
currency was banned by RBI?
Ans) A virtual currency, also known as a digital currency or
cryptocurrency, is a type of digital or virtual money that utilizes
cryptography for secure financial transactions, control the creation of new
units, and verify the transfer of assets. Unlike traditional currencies issued
by governments and central banks, virtual currencies operate on decentralized
networks based on blockchain technology.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that records
all transactions across a network of computers in a secure and transparent
manner. Each transaction is verified by network participants (known as miners
in the case of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin) and added to a block, which is
then linked to previous blocks, creating a chain of blocks or a blockchain.
This decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain technology eliminates
the need for intermediaries like banks or payment processors, reducing
transaction costs and increasing efficiency.
Cryptocurrencies are a specific type of virtual currency
that use cryptographic techniques to secure transactions, control the creation
of new units, and verify the transfer of assets. Bitcoin, created in 2009 by an
unknown person or group of people using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, was the
first decentralized cryptocurrency and remains the most well-known and widely
used.
Other popular cryptocurrencies include Ethereum, Ripple,
Litecoin, and many others, each with its own unique features and use cases.
These cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online
purchases, remittances, investment, and fundraising through initial coin
offerings (ICOs).
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India's central bank,
banned cryptocurrencies in April 2018 through a circular issued to banks and
other financial institutions under its regulatory purview. The ban prohibited
banks and financial institutions from providing services to individuals or
businesses dealing in cryptocurrencies.
There were several reasons behind RBI's decision to ban
cryptocurrencies
a) Lack of regulation: The
cryptocurrency market was largely unregulated in India at the time of the ban,
raising concerns about consumer protection, money laundering, and terrorist
financing. Without proper regulation, cryptocurrencies could be used for
illegal activities and pose risks to the financial system.
b) Price volatility:
Cryptocurrencies are known for their extreme price volatility, with prices
often experiencing large fluctuations within short periods. This volatility
makes cryptocurrencies risky investments and raises concerns about consumer
protection and market stability.
c) Investor protection: The
RBI expressed concerns about the lack of investor protection in the
cryptocurrency market, as investors may not have access to sufficient
information or recourse in case of fraud or loss.
d) Financial stability: The
rapid growth of the cryptocurrency market and its potential to disrupt
traditional financial systems raised concerns about financial stability and
systemic risk. The RBI sought to mitigate these risks by banning
cryptocurrencies and protecting the stability of the Indian financial system.
e) Sovereign control over
currency: Central banks like the RBI have the authority to issue and
regulate national currencies, ensuring sovereign control over monetary policy
and the stability of the financial system. Cryptocurrencies, as decentralized
and non-sovereign forms of currency, could undermine this control and pose
challenges to monetary policy implementation.
Q3) What is an operating system? Explain the two most
commonly used operating systems.
Ans) An operating system (OS) is a software program that
serves as an intermediary between computer hardware and user applications. It
manages computer hardware resources, provides a user interface for interacting
with the system, and facilitates the execution of user programs. Essentially,
an operating system acts as the backbone of a computer system, coordinating and
controlling various hardware and software components to ensure smooth and
efficient operation. The two most commonly used operating systems are Microsoft
Windows and macOS (formerly known as Mac OS X). Let's explore each of them in
more detail:
a) Microsoft Windows:
Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems developed
by Microsoft Corporation. It is the most widely used operating system for
personal computers, with versions tailored for desktops, laptops, tablets, and
servers. Windows operating systems are known for their user-friendly interface,
broad compatibility with software and hardware, and extensive range of features
and applications.
Key features of Microsoft Windows include:
1) Graphical user interface
(GUI): Windows provides a visually appealing GUI with icons, windows,
menus, and a taskbar for easy navigation and interaction.
2) Multitasking support:
Windows allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously, switching
between them seamlessly.
3) File management: Windows
includes a file explorer for organizing, accessing, and managing files and
folders on storage devices.
4) Device support: Windows
offers extensive device support for a wide range of hardware components,
including printers, scanners, graphics cards, and peripherals.
5) Software ecosystem:
Windows has a vast software ecosystem, with millions of third-party
applications available for various purposes, including productivity,
entertainment, gaming, and development.
6) Security features: Windows
includes built-in security features such as Windows Defender antivirus,
firewall, and encryption tools to protect against malware, viruses, and
unauthorized access.
b) macOS:
macOS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for
its Macintosh line of computers. It is known for its elegant design, seamless
integration with Apple hardware and software, and focus on user experience and
productivity. macOS is widely praised for its stability, performance, and
security features, making it a popular choice among creative professionals,
developers, and general users.
Key features of macOS include:
1) Aqua interface:
macOS features a sleek and intuitive Aqua interface with a dock, menu bar, and
Finder for accessing files and applications.
2) Unix-based foundation:
macOS is built on a Unix-based architecture, providing a stable and secure
foundation for running applications and services.
3) Integration with Apple
ecosystem: macOS seamlessly integrates with other Apple devices and
services, such as iPhone, iPad, iCloud, and Apple Music, enabling users to
synchronise data and access content across devices.
4) Continuity features: macOS
offers continuity features such as Handoff, Universal Clipboard, and AirDrop,
allowing users to seamlessly transition between Mac and iOS devices and share
content wirelessly.
5) Built-in productivity apps:
macOS includes a suite of built-in productivity apps such as Safari, Mail,
Calendar, and Pages, providing users with essential tools for browsing the web,
managing email, scheduling events, and creating documents.
6) Security and privacy:
macOS incorporates advanced security features such as Gatekeeper, FileVault
encryption, and App Sandbox to protect against malware, data breaches, and
privacy violations.
Q4) What is Cyber Security? State its importance in the
today’s digitally connected world.
Ans) Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting
computer systems, networks, devices, and data from unauthorized access,
cyberattacks, and other malicious activities. It encompasses a range of
technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard digital assets and
mitigate the risks associated with cyber threats. With the increasing reliance
on digital technologies and the growing interconnectedness of systems and
devices, cybersecurity has become a critical concern for individuals, businesses,
governments, and organizations worldwide.
The importance of cybersecurity in today's digitally
connected world cannot be overstated.
Here are some key reasons why cybersecurity is
crucial:
a) Protection of sensitive data:
In today's digital age, data is one of the most valuable assets for individuals
and organizations alike. Cybersecurity measures help protect sensitive
information such as personal data, financial records, intellectual property,
and confidential business data from unauthorized access, theft, and
exploitation. Failure to safeguard data can lead to severe consequences,
including financial loss, reputational damage, legal liabilities, and
regulatory penalties.
b) Prevention of cyberattacks:
Cyberattacks are increasingly sophisticated and diverse, ranging from malware
and phishing attacks to ransomware, DDoS attacks, and insider threats.
Effective cybersecurity measures help prevent, detect, and respond to
cyberattacks, reducing the likelihood of successful breaches and minimizing the
impact on systems, networks, and users. By implementing robust security
controls, organizations can strengthen their defense and thwart potential
threats before they cause harm.
c) Preservation of trust and
confidence: Trust and confidence are essential components of the digital
economy, underpinning online transactions, interactions, and collaborations. A
strong cybersecurity posture enhances trust and confidence among users,
customers, partners, and stakeholders by demonstrating a commitment to
protecting their privacy, security, and rights. Conversely, cybersecurity
breaches erode trust and confidence, damaging relationships and undermining the
reputation and credibility of organizations.
d) Compliance with regulations
and standards: Governments, regulatory bodies, and industry organizations
have established various laws, regulations, and standards to govern
cybersecurity practices and protect the interests of individuals and
businesses. Compliance with these requirements is essential for organizations
operating in regulated industries such as finance, healthcare, and
telecommunications. By adhering to cybersecurity regulations and standards,
organizations can avoid legal consequences, fines, and sanctions while
demonstrating compliance and accountability to regulators, customers, and
partners.
e) Continuity of operations:
Cybersecurity incidents, such as data breaches and cyberattacks, can disrupt
business operations, disrupt services, and cause downtime, leading to financial
losses and productivity declines. Effective cybersecurity measures help ensure
the continuity of operations by minimizing the impact of disruptions, restoring
services promptly, and maintaining business resilience in the face of emerging
threats and vulnerabilities. By proactively addressing cybersecurity risks,
organizations can enhance their readiness to withstand and recover from adverse
events.
f) Protection of critical
infrastructure: Critical infrastructure sectors such as energy,
transportation, healthcare, and government rely heavily on information
technology and operational technology systems to support essential services and
functions. Cybersecurity plays a vital role in safeguarding critical
infrastructure from cyber threats, ensuring the reliability, availability, and
integrity of vital systems and services. A cyberattack on critical
infrastructure can have far-reaching consequences, including widespread
disruptions, economic damage, and threats to public safety and national
security.
Q5) State the differences among React native, Ionic,
Xamarin and Flutter.
Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences
Among React Native, Ionic, Xamarin, and Flutter:
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Section – B
Q6) Explain Drop Shipping Model? Would emerging
technologies have any impact on implementation strategies of e-commerce?
Justify.
Ans) Drop shipping is a retail fulfilment method where a
store doesn't keep the products it sells in stock. Instead, when a store sells
a product, it purchases the item from a third party and has it shipped directly
to the customer. As a result, the seller doesn't have to handle the product
directly or manage inventory. Drop shipping is particularly popular in
e-commerce, where it allows retailers to offer a wide range of products without
the need for large upfront investments in inventory or storage space.
The drop shipping model typically involves the following key
players
a) Retailer: The retailer is
the party that sells products to customers through an online store or platform.
They handle customer orders, marketing, and customer service.
b) Supplier/Wholesaler: The
supplier or wholesaler is the entity that manufactures or supplies the
products. They fulfil orders by shipping products directly to customers on
behalf of the retailer.
c) Customer: The customer is
the end consumer who purchases products from the retailer's online store.
Drop shipping offers several advantages for both retailers
and suppliers. Retailers benefit from reduced overhead costs, as they don't
need to invest in inventory or warehouse space. They also have access to a vast
selection of products without the risk of overstocking or holding obsolete
inventory. Suppliers benefit from increased sales and exposure, as they can
reach new customers through multiple retailers without the need for their own
marketing efforts.
Emerging technologies have a significant impact on the
implementation strategies of e-commerce, including drop shipping. Some of the
ways in which emerging technologies influence drop shipping implementation
strategies include:
a) Automation: Technologies
such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning can automate various
aspects of drop shipping, including inventory management, order processing, and
customer support. Automation improves efficiency, reduces errors, and enables
retailers to scale their drop shipping operations more effectively.
b) Supply chain visibility:
IoT (Internet of Things) devices and blockchain technology provide enhanced
visibility and traceability throughout the supply chain. This increased
transparency helps retailers and suppliers track the movement of products,
monitor inventory levels, and identify potential bottlenecks or issues in
real-time.
c) Personalization: Advanced
analytics and big data enable retailers to analyse customer data and behaviour
to personalize product recommendations, marketing campaigns, and pricing
strategies. Personalization enhances the customer experience and drives sales
in drop shipping e-commerce models.
d) Fulfilment optimization:
Robotics and automation technologies can optimize order fulfilment processes in
drop shipping warehouses, reducing order processing times and shipping costs.
Robotics enable faster picking, packing, and shipping of orders, leading to
improved customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Q7) State the difference between traditional payment and
e- payment.
Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences
Among traditional payment and e- payment:
Q8) Why is customer engagement and retention an important
tool for an e commerce business?
Ans) Customer engagement and retention are essential tools
for e-commerce businesses because they directly impact the success, growth, and
sustainability of the business. Here are several reasons why customer
engagement and retention are crucial:
a) Repeat Business: Engaging
with customers and building strong relationships encourages repeat purchases.
Repeat customers are more likely to make additional purchases over time,
leading to increased revenue and profitability for the e-commerce business. By
focusing on retention, businesses can reduce the cost of acquiring new
customers and maximize the lifetime value of existing customers.
b) Brand Loyalty: Engaged
customers are more loyal to the brand and are less likely to switch to
competitors. Building brand loyalty through positive experiences, personalized
interactions, and exceptional customer service fosters trust and emotional
connections with customers. Loyal customers are advocates for the brand,
referring friends and family and contributing to positive word-of-mouth
marketing.
c) Increased Customer Lifetime
Value: Engaging with customers throughout their journey and providing
personalized experiences can increase their lifetime value to the business.
Customers who feel valued and appreciated are more likely to spend more on each
purchase, upgrade to higher-value products or services, and remain loyal over
the long term. Maximizing customer lifetime value is essential for sustainable
growth and profitability.
d) Reduced Churn Rate:
Customer engagement and retention efforts help reduce churn rate, which refers
to the rate at which customers stop doing business with a company. High churn
rates can be detrimental to e-commerce businesses, leading to lost revenue,
decreased market share, and increased marketing costs to acquire new customers.
By focusing on retention strategies, businesses can minimize churn and maintain
a stable customer base.
e) Competitive Advantage:
E-commerce is a highly competitive landscape, with numerous competitors vying
for the attention and business of consumers. Customer engagement and retention
strategies differentiate a business from its competitors and give it a
competitive edge. Businesses that prioritize customer satisfaction, loyalty
programs, and personalized experiences stand out in the crowded marketplace and
attract and retain more customers.
f) Feedback and Improvement:
Engaged customers provide valuable feedback and insights that help e-commerce
businesses improve their products, services, and overall customer experience.
By listening to customer feedback, addressing concerns, and making continuous
improvements, businesses can strengthen relationships with customers and
demonstrate their commitment to meeting customer needs and expectations.
g) Long-Term Growth and
Sustainability: Customer engagement and retention are essential for the
long-term growth and sustainability of e-commerce businesses. By focusing on
building lasting relationships with customers, businesses can weather economic
downturns, changes in market conditions, and fluctuations in consumer
behaviour. A loyal customer base provides a solid foundation for continued
growth and success in the competitive e-commerce landscape.
Q9) Differentiate between the following:
Q9a) Digital Signature and Electronic Signature.
Ans) Comparison between highlighting the key differences
among Digital Signature and Electronic Signature:
Q9b) IT Act 2000 and IT (Amendment) Act 2008.
Ans) Comparison table highlighting the key differences
Among IT Act 2000 and IT (Amendment) Act 2008:
Q10) What are E-services? What are the various advantages
of E-services?
Ans) E-services, also known as electronic services, refer to
the delivery of services through electronic channels such as the internet,
mobile apps, and digital platforms. These services are typically provided
online and can range from simple tasks like online shopping and banking to more
complex activities like telemedicine, online education, and government
services. E-services leverage digital technologies to streamline processes,
enhance accessibility, and improve efficiency for both service providers and
users.
Advantages of E-services
a) Convenience: E-services
offer unparalleled convenience as users can access and utilize services
anytime, anywhere, without the need to visit physical locations. This
convenience is particularly beneficial for individuals with busy schedules or
those who prefer to manage tasks and transactions remotely.
b) Accessibility: E-services
enhance accessibility by eliminating geographical barriers and making services
available to users regardless of their location. This accessibility is crucial
for individuals in remote areas, people with disabilities, or those who may
have difficulty accessing traditional service delivery channels.
c) Time-saving: By enabling
users to perform tasks and transactions online, e-services save time for both
service providers and users. Processes that would typically require in-person
visits or manual paperwork can be completed quickly and efficiently with just a
few clicks or taps on a digital device.
d) Cost-effectiveness:
E-services often result in cost savings for both service providers and users.
Service providers can reduce overhead costs associated with physical
infrastructure, staffing, and administrative expenses. Meanwhile, users can
save on transportation costs, parking fees, and time spent traveling to
physical locations.
e) Enhanced efficiency:
Digital technologies streamline processes, automate tasks, and reduce manual
intervention, leading to improved efficiency in service delivery. Processes
that were previously time-consuming and labour-intensive can now be completed
faster and with greater accuracy, benefiting both service providers and users.
f) Personalization:
E-services can be customized and personalized to meet the unique needs and
preferences of individual users. Through data analytics and user profiling,
service providers can deliver personalized recommendations, tailored content,
and targeted promotions, enhancing the user experience and driving engagement.
g) Greater choice and flexibility:
E-services offer users a wider range of options and flexibility in accessing
and utilizing services. Users can choose from multiple service providers,
compare products or offerings, and select the most suitable option based on
their preferences, budget, and requirements.
h) Real-time access to
information: E-services provide users with real-time access to information,
updates, and notifications related to their transactions or interactions. This
real-time access ensures transparency, enhances communication, and enables
users to stay informed throughout the service delivery process.
Section – C
Q11) State the evolution of E-governance with the help of
Gartner’s model.
Ans) Gartner's model of e-governance evolution outlines the
stages through which government organizations progress in adopting and
implementing electronic governance initiatives.
The model consists of four stages: Web presence,
Interaction, Transaction, and Transformation. Let's explore each stage:
a) Web Presence: In this
initial stage, government organizations establish a basic online presence by
creating websites to provide information about government services, policies,
programs, and contact details. The focus is on delivering static content in a
one-way communication manner, where citizens can access information but cannot
interact or transact with the government. Websites serve as electronic
brochures, offering basic information to the public.
b) Interaction: In the
interaction stage, government organizations enhance their online presence by
enabling two-way communication between citizens and government agencies. This
involves the implementation of interactive features such as contact forms,
email inquiries, and online feedback mechanisms. Citizens can engage with
government officials, submit queries, provide feedback, and participate in
online discussions. The goal is to improve communication channels and foster
greater citizen engagement.
c) Transaction: The
transaction stage represents a significant advancement in e-governance, where
government organizations enable online transactions and service delivery. This
involves implementing e-government portals and digital platforms that allow
citizens to complete transactions, apply for services, make payments, and
access government resources online. Examples of transactional services include
online tax filing, vehicle registration, permit applications, and bill
payments. The focus is on streamlining processes, reducing paperwork, and
enhancing convenience for citizens.
d) Transformation: The
transformation stage represents the highest level of e-governance maturity,
where government organizations undergo a fundamental transformation in their
operations, service delivery, and governance processes. This involves
leveraging advanced technologies such as data analytics, artificial
intelligence, and automation to optimize service delivery, enhance efficiency,
and improve decision-making. Government agencies adopt a citizen-centric
approach, focusing on delivering personalized services, anticipating citizen
needs, and fostering innovation in governance practices. The transformation
stage represents a shift towards digital government, where technology-driven
initiatives drive organizational change and citizen empowerment.
Q12) What are the various ingredients required for making
a website?
Ans) Creating a website involves several essential
ingredients to ensure its functionality, usability, and effectiveness.
Various components required for making a website:
a) Domain Name: A domain name
is the unique web address that users type into their browsers to access your
website. It serves as the online identity of your website (e.g., www.example.com).
b) Web Hosting: Web hosting
is a service that stores your website's files and makes them accessible to
users on the internet. It provides the server infrastructure and resources
needed to host your website's content, images, and files.
c) Website Design: Website
design encompasses the visual layout, structure, and user interface of your
website. This includes choosing a suitable design template or theme, arranging
content elements, and ensuring a user-friendly navigation experience.
d) Content Management System
(CMS): A CMS is a software platform that allows you to create, manage, and
publish content on your website without requiring technical expertise. Popular
CMS platforms include WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal.
e) HTML/CSS: HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) are the fundamental languages
used to create the structure and style of web pages. HTML defines the content
and structure, while CSS controls the visual presentation and layout.
f) JavaScript:
JavaScript is a programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic
behaviour to web pages. It is commonly used for implementing features such as
animations, form validation, and interactive elements.
g) Responsive Design:
Responsive design ensures that your website adapts and displays properly across
various devices and screen sizes, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones. It improves user experience and accessibility.
h) Images and Multimedia:
Images, videos, and multimedia elements enhance the visual appeal and
engagement of your website. It's essential to optimize these assets for web use
to ensure fast loading times and optimal performance.
i) SEO (Search Engine
Optimization): SEO involves optimizing your website's content, structure,
and metadata to improve its visibility and ranking in search engine results.
This includes keyword research, on-page optimization, and link building.
j) Analytics:
Analytics tools such as Google Analytics provide insights into your website's
performance, traffic sources, user behaviour, and engagement metrics.
Monitoring analytics helps you track your website's success and make informed
decisions for improvement.
k) Security: Implementing
security measures such as SSL certificates, firewalls, and regular updates
protects your website from cyber threats and ensures the safety of user data.
Q13) What are cybercrimes? State various types of
cyber-crimes occurring these days.
Ans) Cybercrimes refer to criminal activities that are
committed using digital technologies and the internet. These crimes target
individuals, organizations, or governments and exploit vulnerabilities in
digital systems and networks for malicious purposes. Cybercrimes can have
significant financial, reputational, and legal consequences for victims, and
they continue to evolve as technology advances.
Various types of cybercrimes occurring these days:
a) Phishing: Phishing is a
form of cybercrime where attackers use deceptive emails, websites, or messages
to trick individuals into providing sensitive information such as usernames,
passwords, or financial details. Phishing attacks often masquerade as
legitimate entities or organizations and aim to steal personal or financial
information for fraudulent purposes.
b) Malware: Malware, short
for malicious software, refers to software programs designed to infiltrate,
damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Common types of
malware include viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware
attacks can compromise data integrity, disrupt operations, and extort victims
for financial gain.
c) Ransomware: Ransomware is
a type of malware that encrypts files or systems and demands payment (usually
in cryptocurrency) from the victim to decrypt and regain access to their data.
Ransomware attacks often target businesses, government agencies, and critical
infrastructure, causing significant financial losses and operational
disruptions.
d) Identity Theft: Identity
theft involves stealing personal information such as social security numbers,
credit card numbers, or other identifiers to impersonate individuals or commit
fraud. Cybercriminals use stolen identities to make unauthorized purchases,
open fraudulent accounts, or conduct illegal activities, causing financial harm
and damage to victims' reputations.
e) Data Breaches: Data
breaches occur when unauthorized individuals or hackers gain access to
sensitive information stored in databases or systems. These breaches can expose
personal, financial, or proprietary data of individuals, businesses, or
organizations, leading to privacy violations, financial losses, and legal
liabilities.
f) Cyber Extortion:
Cyber extortion involves threatening individuals or organizations with the
release of sensitive information, disruption of services, or damage to systems
unless a ransom is paid. Extortionists leverage tactics such as distributed
denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, doxxing, or threats of public exposure to
coerce victims into paying ransom.
g) Cyberbullying:
Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital communication platforms such as
social media, messaging apps, or online forums to harass, intimidate, or
humiliate individuals. Cyberbullies may spread rumours, post derogatory
comments, or share embarrassing photos or videos with the intent to harm their
victims emotionally or psychologically.
Q14) Give the brief of E-tailing trends in India.
Ans) E-tailing, or electronic retailing, refers to the
buying and selling of goods and services through online platforms or websites.
In India, e-tailing has witnessed significant growth and evolution in recent
years, driven by factors such as increasing internet penetration, rising
smartphone adoption, growing digital literacy, and changing consumer
preferences. Here are some key trends shaping the e-tailing landscape in India:
a) Rapid Growth: E-tailing in
India has experienced rapid growth, fuelled by a burgeoning e-commerce
ecosystem and the emergence of online marketplaces, such as Flipkart, Amazon,
and Myntra. The sector has attracted significant investments from domestic and
international players, leading to the expansion of product offerings, improved
logistics infrastructure, and enhanced customer experiences.
b) Mobile Commerce (M-commerce):
With the widespread availability of affordable smartphones and mobile internet
connectivity, M-commerce has become increasingly prevalent in India. Consumers
are increasingly using mobile devices to browse, shop, and make purchases
online, driving growth in mobile-based e-tailing platforms and apps.
c) Rise of Tier 2 and Tier 3
Cities: E-tailing penetration is expanding beyond metro cities to tier 2
and tier 3 cities, driven by increased internet access, rising disposable
incomes, and growing awareness of online shopping. E-tailers are tapping into
these emerging markets by offering localized content, language support, and
region-specific products to cater to the diverse needs and preferences of
consumers.
d) Omni-channel Retailing:
Omni-channel retailing, which integrates online and offline channels to provide
a seamless shopping experience, is gaining traction in India. E-tailers are
investing in brick-and-mortar stores, click-and-mortar models, and partnerships
with traditional retailers to offer customers multiple touchpoints for shopping
and fulfilment.
e) Personalization and AI:
E-tailers are leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics to
personalize the shopping experience and improve customer engagement. AI-powered
recommendation engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, and predictive analytics
are being used to offer personalized product recommendations, targeted
promotions, and responsive customer support.
f) Focus on Customer
Experience: E-tailers are prioritizing customer experience by investing in
user-friendly interfaces, fast and reliable delivery, easy payment options,
hassle-free returns, and responsive customer service. Positive shopping
experiences drive customer loyalty, repeat purchases, and positive
word-of-mouth recommendations.
g) Expansion into New Categories:
E-tailers are diversifying their product offerings beyond traditional
categories like electronics and fashion to include groceries, home essentials,
healthcare products, and beauty items. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated
the adoption of online shopping for essential goods, leading to increased
demand for e-tailers to expand into new categories.